These aren’t distant problems. They’re happening now—and they’re reversible. Here’s how different types of pollution directly impact coral reefs and what we can do to stop the damage.

Nutrient Pollution Overfeeds the Ocean

Imagine dumping fertilizer into a tropical garden nonstop—eventually, things overgrow, choke each other out, and die. That’s what happens when excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus enter coastal waters. These nutrients come from agricultural runoff, leaking septic systems, and untreated sewage. And they don’t just disappear.

Once in the ocean, they act as fuel for algae. The result? Massive blooms that blanket coral reefs, block out sunlight, and outcompete corals for space. When these algae die, they decompose and consume oxygen from the water, creating low-oxygen “dead zones” where coral and fish struggle to survive.

Worse, these conditions invite pathogens. Nutrient pollution has been linked to spikes in coral diseases like white syndrome and black band disease, which can spread rapidly across entire reef systems.

Main sources

• Fertilizers and manure from farms and lawns
• Poorly treated sewage and septic overflow
• Rainwater runoff from cities and roads

Impact on reefs

• Algal overgrowth that smothers coral
• Increases risk of coral disease and mortality
• Lower oxygen levels and light availability

What you can do

Support wastewater upgrades and local clean water initiatives. At home, choose organic or low-phosphorus products and be mindful of what goes down your drain.

Sediment Turns Coral Reefs Into Dustbowls

Healthy coral reefs need clean water—sunlight powers their symbiotic algae, which feed the corals from within. But when land-based sediment washes into the ocean, it clouds the water and settles on reef surfaces like a suffocating blanket.

This sediment usually comes from poorly managed construction sites, deforested areas, and overgrazed pastures. With no vegetation to hold soil in place, rain sweeps mud and debris into rivers that lead straight to the sea.

Once it reaches the reef, sediment does real damage. It blocks light, preventing photosynthesis. It clogs coral mouths, interfering with feeding. And it makes it harder for coral larvae to settle and grow—slowing reef recovery and disrupting the delicate balance of life.

Read about our work in Maui to reduce sedimentation smothering the reef >

Main sources

• Land clearing and construction
• Unregulated agriculture
• Erosion from poorly managed landscapes

Impact on reefs

• Reduces sunlight critical for coral survival
• Smothers coral polyps and disrupts feeding
• Hinders growth and reef regeneration

What you can do

Support smart coastal development and reforestation. When traveling or living near the coast, look for businesses that practice sustainable land management.

Plastic Waste Brings Disease

It’s easy to think of plastic pollution as a surface problem—bottles bobbing in the waves, nets tangled in sea turtles. But look closer beneath the surface, and you’ll find plastic has become a chronic threat to coral reefs. It’s showing up in the most remote places on Earth—reef systems once considered untouched now littered with debris.

Floating plastic doesn’t just ruin the view. As it drifts through the ocean, it collides with coral structures, scraping delicate polyps and creating wounds that leave them vulnerable to infection. Larger debris, like discarded fishing gear or plastic bags, can get snagged on the reef, physically breaking coral branches and blocking sunlight.

But the problem goes deeper—literally. As plastic breaks down, it releases microscopic fragments called microplastics, and these aren’t just inert particles. Scientists have discovered that microplastics act like little rafts for harmful bacteria and pathogens. When these bacteria-laden plastics make contact with coral, they dramatically increase the risk of disease—up to 89% higher, according to some studies.

One particularly insidious effect is how plastic changes the coral microbiome—the collection of beneficial bacteria that help coral stay healthy. Disrupting this microbial balance makes coral more susceptible to stress, disease, and bleaching. And unlike a one-time event like an oil spill, plastic keeps accumulating. It never truly goes away.

Main sources

• Single-use plastics (bags, wrappers, packaging)
• Abandoned or lost fishing gear
• Microfibers from clothing, cleaning cloths, and hygiene products

Impact on reefs

• Cuts, abrasions, and physical damage to coral
• Reduced sunlight exposure
• Increased rates of disease and infection
• Disrupted coral microbiome

What you can do

Reducing plastic use might feel small, but it makes a big difference. Choose reusable items over disposables, avoid products with microbeads or glitter made from plastic, and support local and global efforts to reduce marine plastic pollution.

Oil and Chemicals Poison the Reef One Drop at a Time

We often think of oil spills as rare catastrophes—but oil and chemical pollution happen every day in smaller ways. Storm drains flush chemicals from roads, lawns, and factories straight into the sea. Farms spray pesticides that wash into coastal waters. Even tiny spills from boats add up over time.

Oil is especially toxic to coral. It coats their surface, suffocates polyps, and interferes with reproduction. Juvenile corals are particularly vulnerable, with exposure often leading to stunted growth or death. Chemical pollutants like mercury, lead, and pesticides accumulate in reef species, weakening coral and the creatures they shelter.

Unlike physical damage, these toxins often linger—building up in the reef’s food web and altering life on a microscopic level. In high enough concentrations, they can wipe out entire reef sections and make recovery nearly impossible.

Where it comes from

• Oil spills, fuel leaks, and marine transport
• Pesticides, herbicides, and industrial waste
• Household chemicals and automotive runoff

Why it matters

• Interferes with coral reproduction and growth
• Kills coral larvae and juvenile reef species
• Contaminates reef food webs and ecosystems

What you can do

Dispose of chemicals properly and avoid toxic pesticides. Support policies that hold polluters accountable and invest in safer, cleaner alternatives.

Sunscreen Is a Silent Coral Killer

Most people don’t think twice about slathering on sunscreen before diving into the ocean—but what protects our skin can be deadly to coral reefs. Many commercial sunscreens contain chemicals like oxybenzone and octinoxate, which have been shown to cause coral bleaching, deform coral larvae, and damage DNA.

Don’t miss the other 6 harmful ingredients. You can read more in our article Sunscreen 101 >

These effects can happen at incredibly low concentrations—just a single drop in a swimming pool-sized area of water can be enough to disrupt coral development. The chemicals wash off swimmers, rinse down the drain in showers, and end up in the ocean through wastewater systems.

Over time, this chemical cocktail builds up in coastal areas, especially in popular tourist zones. Even reefs that appear healthy can be silently weakened by long-term chemical exposure.

Where it comes from

• Chemical sunscreens used by swimmers and divers
• Wastewater and stormwater runoff

Why it matters

• Causes bleaching and tissue damage
• Disrupts coral hormones and DNA
• Reduces coral resilience and reproductive success

What you can do

Switch to mineral-based sunscreen with non-nano zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. Wear sunshirts and dive skins for sun protection. These alternatives protect your skin without harming the reef.

A Cleaner Ocean Starts With Us

Pollution is a complex problem, but the solutions are within reach. At CORAL, we work with communities to reduce local threats—from upgrading sewage systems to promoting reef-safe tourism and sustainable development. 

And you don’t have to live near a reef to make a difference.

Reefs may be resilient, but they’re not invincible. Every piece of plastic skipped, every cleaner product used, and every advocacy effort adds up. Small changes ripple outward—and those ripples are what coral reefs need most.

The post How Pollution Threatens Coral Reefs and What We Can Do About It appeared first on Coral Reef Alliance.

That’s right—the ocean and its reefs could hold the key to new treatments and cures, making the need for coral conservation crucial for marine biodiversity and human health.

The Ocean’s Pharmacy 

Daily life poses numerous threats to the organisms that inhabit coral reefs, especially those that can’t simply swim away, such as sponges, anemones, and corals themselves. These creatures are known as “sessile,” meaning they are either immobile (like coral polyps) or move very slowly (like some sponges). In contrast to fish and other mobile marine animals that can evade danger, corals and their sessile neighbors have had to develop unique strategies for survival.

While some coral reef species have physical defenses—like spines and stony exoskeletons—many have evolved a remarkable arsenal of chemical compounds to deter predators, prevent disease, and compete for space. These chemical defenses not only serve as shields against threats but also help these organisms heal from injuries and protect against environmental challenges. But sessile organisms aren’t the only ones that rely on chemical ingenuity. Mobile reef creatures—like venomous snails and sea slugs—have also developed powerful toxins, often targeting the nervous system, that are now being studied for their potential in pain management and neurological treatments.

Beyond the visible reef inhabitants, an entire microscopic world plays a crucial role in this underwater pharmacy. Bacteria, fungi, and other microbes living in and around coral reefs produce compounds that are being explored for new antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and immune system treatments. With antibiotic resistance on the rise, these microbial discoveries could be critical in the search for the next generation of medicine.

And here’s where it gets even more fascinating: the same chemical compounds that help reef organisms survive are now offering groundbreaking possibilities for human medicine. Let’s take a look at some examples.

Sponges and Corals

Marine sponges (Porifera) are prolific producers of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, peptides, terpenoids, and polyketides. These metabolites exhibit a range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. For instance, spongothymidine and spongouridine, nucleosides isolated from Caribbean sponges, have been foundational in developing antiviral and anticancer drugs.

Corals (Cnidaria) also contribute to the pharmacopeia of marine-derived compounds. They produce unique metabolites that have shown potential in various therapeutic areas, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer treatments. The complex symbiotic relationships between corals and their resident microorganisms further enhance the diversity of bioactive substances.

Snails, Sea Slugs, and Venomous Creatures

Mobile organisms such as cone snails and certain sea slugs are notable for their production of potent toxins. Cone snails, for example, produce conotoxins—peptides that target specific ion channels and receptors in the nervous system. These conotoxins have been studied for their potential in developing novel analgesics and neurological therapeutics.

Sea slugs, or nudibranchs, often sequester toxins from their prey, such as sponges and cnidarians, and repurpose them for their own defense. These acquired compounds have been found to possess antimicrobial and anticancer activities, making them subjects of pharmacological interest.

Microorganisms and Symbiotic Bacteria

The microbial communities associated with coral reefs, including bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are emerging as rich sources of bioactive compounds. These microbes produce metabolites with antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. For example, certain bacteria isolated from deep-sea environments have yielded compounds with unique structures and potent biological activities, offering potential leads for new drug development.

The symbiotic relationships between these microorganisms and their marine hosts often lead to the production of unique metabolites not found in free-living species, highlighting the importance of preserving these intricate ecosystems for future pharmaceutical discoveries.

These diverse life forms inhabiting coral reefs are invaluable sources of novel bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic potential. Protecting coral reef ecosystems is crucial to ensure the continued discovery and development of marine-derived pharmaceuticals.

Save Corals, Save Lives

With so much medical potential tied to coral reefs, their conservation is more important than ever. Reef destruction due to climate change, pollution, and habitat degradation threatens not only marine biodiversity but also the future of medicine. If we lose coral reefs, we risk losing life-saving treatments that could benefit generations to come.

By protecting coral reefs, we protect our future. Let’s not forget that a healthy ocean means a healthier planet for all of us.

The post Medicinal Cures Within Coral Reefs appeared first on Coral Reef Alliance.

At the Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL), our science is grounded in the belief that coral reefs can adapt and thrive — but only if we support the natural processes that make them resilient (while humans get their act together around carbon emissions). This is the science of reef resilience, and it’s key to securing a future for coral reefs and the people who depend on them. 

What Is Reef Resilience?

Reef resilience refers to a coral reef’s ability to withstand disturbances — like warming waters — and recover afterward. Just like a healthy immune system helps a person bounce back from illness, a resilient reef can recover from damage and continue to support marine life and coastal communities.

But resilience isn’t just luck. 

It’s shaped by a complex mix of biological diversity, healthy habitat conditions, and — crucially — the absence of human stressors. When we reduce local threats, protect coral diversity, and maintain strong connections between reef systems, we create the conditions for coral reefs to persist, even in this warming climate.

How Do Coral Reefs Adapt? 

Adaptation is a natural process that helps living things survive changes in their environment over time. In coral reefs, genetic diversity fuels this adaptation.

Some corals are naturally better equipped to handle heat stress than others. When a reef is genetically diverse — with many different species of corals, and high genetic variation within a species — it increases the chances that some individuals will survive high temperatures. Those survivors pass on their genes, giving rise to new generations of corals adapted to warmer waters.

But adaptation doesn’t happen in isolation. Currents play a major role by carrying coral larvae (baby corals) between reef systems, so well-connected reefs are critical. This movement creates genetic connections between reefs and over time, this flow of genes helps other reefs across a larger area survive higher temperatures.

CORAL’s science supports this process. Our models show that protecting genetically connected reef networks increases the odds of survival under climate change. When heat-adapted corals from warmer reefs send their offspring to cooler areas, they help neighboring reefs prepare for the warming that’s coming.

Local Conservation = Global Impact

While climate change is a global threat, local conservation plays a crucial role in building reef resilience.

When reefs are under stress from pollution, overfishing, or poor water quality, their chances of recovering from bleaching or disease go down. But when local conditions are healthy, reefs are better able to bounce back.

Here are a few key ways local actions support reef resilience:

1. Reducing Overfishing and Supporting Herbivorous Fish

Herbivores like parrotfish and surgeonfish help maintain the balance between coral and algae on a reef. After a disturbance like coral bleaching, algae can quickly take over — preventing corals from reestablishing. But when herbivorous fish are present, they graze down the algae, clearing space for coral recovery.

That’s why protecting fish populations isn’t just about food security — it’s also a direct investment in reef health. Overfishing disrupts the balance of the reef ecosystem and removes key species that play a role in maintaining coral health. By working with local communities to develop sustainable fishing practices, we support both biodiversity and long-term livelihoods.

Read more about Marine Protected Areas (which help protect fish populations) >

2. Improving Water Quality

Runoff from land — including sewage, agricultural chemicals, and sediment — clouds the water, blocks sunlight, and introduces harmful bacteria. Clean water is essential for coral growth, reproduction, and resilience.

In places like West Maui, Hawai‘i, CORAL partners with local groups to implement nature-based solutions like restoring native forests and wetlands to reduce polluted runoff. And on the island of Roatan, CORAL and partners are treating millions of gallons of wastewater before it enters the nearby ocean.

Read more about clean water for reefs >

The Power of Connected Reefs

We already mentioned the importance of reef connectivity, but it truly is so important. Protecting these networks — especially areas that already experience high temperatures and house heat-tolerant corals — is one of the smartest strategies we have for conserving coral reefs in a warming world.

In practice, this means:

Incorporating climate-smart strategies and influencing policy to

identify and protect diverse networks of reefs, including those reefs in warmer water that are likely sources of heat-tolerant genes (sometimes called “hot reefs”) 

Reducing local stressors across the network, so corals can reproduce, and the larvae arriving from other areas have the best chance of survival

This approach is grounded in cutting-edge adaptation science and allows us to take conservation action now — rather than waiting for future technological fixes.

Read more about coral adaptation >

A Science-Driven, People-Focused Approach

At CORAL, we combine the best available science with deep partnerships in coastal communities. We don’t plant or engineer coral. Instead, we focus on protecting existing corals and the conditions that allow them to naturally adapt and recover. That means supporting community-led efforts, providing training and funding, and developing scientific models to identify where our efforts will have the biggest long-term impact.

We know reef resilience doesn’t happen in labs alone — it’s made real by the fishers, resource managers, policymakers, and local organizations who care for their coastlines every day.

The Bottom Line

Coral reefs are not doomed. They are dynamic, adaptable ecosystems — and they have a chance at long-term survival if we tackle climate change and protect the conditions that allow them to thrive.

By combining science with local action, we can help reefs recover from today’s threats and build resilience for tomorrow’s challenges. That’s the mission we live every day at CORAL — and we invite you to join us.

What You Can Do

You don’t have to be a scientist or a diver to help coral reefs thrive. Here’s how you can support reef resilience from wherever you are:

Support organizations (like CORAL) that take a science-based, community-led approach

Reduce your carbon footprint to slow global warming and advocate for policies and actions to tackle climate change

Avoid products that harm reefs: don’t use sunscreens with oxybenzone or eat reef-damaging seafood

Speak up for policies that protect clean water, fisheries, and marine ecosystems

Every action you take contributes to a healthier planet — and a better future for coral reefs.

The post Exploring Reef Resilience Through the Science of Coral Adaptation appeared first on Coral Reef Alliance.

But here’s a lesser-known truth: if you care about the planet, you should care about coral reefs.

Why Coral Reefs Matter (Even if You’re Landlocked)

Coral reefs cover less than 1% of the ocean floor, but they punch way above their weight.

• They support 25% of all marine species.
• They provide food, jobs, and coastal protection for over 1 billion people.
• They generate billions of dollars in tourism and fisheries revenue each year.

And yet, coral reefs are disappearing—fast. Climate change, overfishing, and pollution are pushing them to the brink.

To put it simply, if reefs don’t make it, neither do we.

That’s where you come in. This Earth Month, we’re inviting you to take five simple, powerful actions to support coral reef conservation, no matter where you live.

Let’s dive in.

1. Make a Donation That Goes the Distance  

When you make a monthly donation or one-time gift to CORAL, you’re not just giving money—you’re investing in lasting solutions. Your support helps us work alongside local communities around the world to reduce threats like overfishing, poor water quality, and unsustainable tourism. Our solutions are backed by science, driven by local leadership, and proven to help give corals a fighting chance to adapt to climate change.

We fund science-backed conservation strategies. We support local leadership. We protect the reef by protecting the people and places that depend on it. And we’re rapidly expanding (read the article here), all for the sake of coral reefs.

Every dollar you give helps scale real solutions. And this month, your dollar is actually worth double, thanks to our matching gift from Good Store! 

Click here to donate and be part of a future where reefs can thrive >

2. EcoGeek at Good.Store

Created with the planet at the forefront, this collection is the perfect Earth Month treat for yourself or your favorite Earth-loving friend.

3. Join a CORAL Insiders Dive Trip  

Wanna level up your love for the ocean? Come diving with us! CORAL Insiders takes you beyond digital engagement and into experiences where you’ll explore coral reefs, learn about real-world reef conservation, and meet the people on the frontlines of protecting these underwater worlds.

It’s part vacation, part behind-the-scenes access, and 100% unforgettable. Whether you’re new to diving or a seasoned pro, this is how you travel with impact.

4. Subscribe, Follow, Stay in the Loop  

Reef-saving science? We’ve got it. Inspiring stories from coastal communities? Yup. Gorgeous underwater pics to brighten your feed? Always.

Subscribe to our monthly newsletter, the eCurrent, and follow us on social media:

Our goals are to educate, entertain, and inspire you. We’ll keep you in the know with solid ocean content, delivered regularly.

5. Spread the Word  

Your voice matters. Really—whether you’re chatting with a friend, posting on social, or sharing an article, you’re helping more people understand why reefs matter.

This Earth Month, tell someone about coral reefs. Share your favorite CORAL post. Use your platform (big or small) to be a reef advocate.

Here’s an easy one. Share this article. Tag us. Let people know what you care about.

Ready to Get Involved?

This Earth Month, let’s do more than celebrate the planet. Let’s protect it—starting with the coral reefs that protect us. Saving coral reefs isn’t just for scientists or scuba pros…it’s for all of us. And this month is the perfect time to start.

Whether it’s a donation, a dive trip, or a post on social, your action makes a ripple. Let’s make waves together.

The post 5 Easy, Impactful Ways to Help Coral Reefs from Anywhere appeared first on Coral Reef Alliance.

And we’re doing it quickly.

Why Growth Matters for Coral Reefs

Coral reefs support 25% of all marine life, protect coastal communities from storms, and generate billions of dollars through tourism and fisheries. Yet, climate change, pollution, and overfishing are driving these ecosystems to the brink. Scaling up conservation efforts is no longer optional—it’s urgent.

Our growth strategy is all about expanding on the successful conservation models we’ve developed over the last 30 years. This means increasing local partnerships and deepening investments in research and community-driven solutions to drive cleaner water and more sustainable fisheries. This isn’t just about doing more—it’s about doing better, smarter, and FASTER.

Investing in Science and Innovation

At the heart of our organization is a commitment to science-driven conservation. By leveraging the latest research and collaborating with top scientists, CORAL is scaling up solutions that work. Here’s what we’re focusing on:

Expanding Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
These oceanic safe spaces exist so coral reefs and marine life can recover from stressors, and we are committed to growing and elevating the network of MPAs. When we strengthen MPAs by increasing community-led protection measures, coral reefs and all who depend on them win.

Resilience-Based Management (RBM)
We know coral reefs can adapt to climate change, but only if we support them. CORAL is ramping up the implementation of proven strategies that help reefs with adaptation.

Data-Driven Conservation
Data and science are foundational to our work. Using advanced monitoring systems, we’ll continue to track reef health and refine conservation efforts based on real data.

By integrating traditional ecological knowledge with modern science, CORAL is ensuring our conservation strategies are both effective and culturally relevant.

Expanding into Key Reef Regions

Every reef region is unique, so before we establish new programs, we are conducting snapshot assessments—comprehensive evaluations that provide a clear picture of ecological conditions, community engagement, and conservation challenges. These assessments guide our decision-making, ensuring we focus on areas where our expertise can make a lasting difference. By understanding both the threats to coral reefs and the existing efforts of local communities, we can step in as a supportive partner––not a replacement––for the work already happening on the ground.

Snapshot assessments go beyond just identifying problems—they help us pinpoint opportunities for impact. By gathering local insights, we can determine the best strategies to support sustainable fisheries, strengthen marine protected areas, and reduce local threats like water pollution. 

This research-driven approach allows CORAL to expand with purpose, reinforcing our conservation solutions that are already proving effective and building on them with new and site-specific considerations in mind. With this targeted expansion, CORAL is prioritizing an impact that reaches more reefs, more communities, and more partners than ever before.

Strengthening Partnerships for Greater Impact

To scale our proven strategies, CORAL is engaging global partners and supporting their efforts to advance clean water initiatives and sustainable fisheries management. We know lasting change happens when communities lead the way, and we’ll continue to build and deepen strategic relationships that strengthen our alliance. The future of coral reefs depends on all of us.

Supporting Coastal Communities
Provide training and financial support to local fishers, tourism operators, and conservation leaders.

Working with Governments
Advocate for stronger environmental policies and enforcement.

Engaging the Private Sector
Partner with businesses that rely on healthy oceans, from eco-tourism operators to seafood companies.

By expanding our web of collaborations, CORAL will continue to enact more locally-driven, long-term, and sustainable conservation efforts.

Investing in People & Resources

Growth isn’t just about scaling up projects and regions—it’s also about investing in people. CORAL is building a stronger organization by:

Expanding our expert team, bringing in top conservationists, scientists, and community engagement specialists.
Have you met our Strategic Impact Director? Meet Kristin Sherwood >

Scaling our philanthropic efforts, ensuring long-term financial sustainability.
You can support our efforts by making a one-time or monthly donation here >

Leveraging new technologies, such as AI-driven monitoring and sustainable reef management tools to drive efficiencies.

These investments ensure CORAL has the support and resources to drive meaningful, lasting change into new regions – all with the resounding goal of saving coral reefs.

The Road Ahead

CORAL’s growth is intentional and impactful. Every project, partnership, and initiative is designed to create real, measurable change for coral reefs and the people who depend on them.

How can you be part of CORAL’s growth?

CORAL is on an exciting path forward, but saving coral reefs requires a global effort. Here’s how you can get involved:

Download our Strategic Plan
Coming soon, this 5-year plan goes into more detail about why, where, and how we are growing.
You can sign up early here >

Donate for Earth Month
Support the Earth by supporting CORAL’s expanding conservation efforts by signing up for a monthly donation > There’s no gift too small. $5, $50, or $500 all make a difference for coral reefs.

Partner with Us!
If you represent a business or organization, explore collaboration opportunities.
Get more details about our Corporate Partnership Program here >

Stay Informed
Follow CORAL’s work and share our impact stories. Subscribe to our monthly eCurrent here, and follow us on Instagram, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

By supporting CORAL’s growth, you’re supporting a future for coral reefs. Join us in scaling up reef conservation—because a thriving ocean means a thriving planet.

The post CORAL is Expanding into New Regions appeared first on Coral Reef Alliance.

Meet Kristin Sherwood!

Kristin is joining CORAL at a pivotal time, and her expertise will help us scale our efforts and our impact in a big way. Read more about her below and see why our team is thrilled to bring her on board.

Q&A

Welcome to CORAL! Tell us a little about yourself. 

Thank you for the warm welcome! I am thrilled to be joining CORAL, and I’m really looking forward to digging in and learning the ropes. I began my career working with coral reefs in Belize, Hawai’i, and Palau, and this position with CORAL feels like it’s bringing me full circle. 

It’s a true joy to reconnect with the places, people, and issues that have shaped me both personally and professionally. I feel a deep connection to reefs and a strong sense of responsibility to contribute my energy and experience towards improving their health.

Saltwater runs through my veins, even after a decade of living in Colorado! I seize every opportunity to swim, snorkel, and dive. Last month, before starting at CORAL, I hiked the Fisherman’s Trail in Portugal, where I reveled in the Atlantic’s giant waves and took every chance to dip my feet in the ocean. It was the perfect reset before joining this incredible team.

What inspired you to pursue a career in ocean conservation, particularly focusing on coral reefs?

I learned to scuba dive in a freezing-cold rock quarry in Virginia when I was sixteen. That experience could have put me off forever, but instead, it put me on a perpetual quest for better diving and more compelling underwater environments! My first open water dives were in a somewhat terrifying cave system in Florida (our planned trip to the Florida Keys was thwarted by Hurricane Andrew).  It’s kind of remarkable that I emerged both alive and still passionate about marine science.

I began my undergraduate biology degree in Virginia, initially thinking I could satisfy my underwater interests with streams and lakes. But after two years, the call of tropical waters and reefs proved irresistible. I transferred to the University of Hawai’i, where I lived and worked at the Hawai’i Institute for Marine Biology on Coconut Island (I ran the boat shuttle in exchange for housing!) From there, my journey took me deeper into the Pacific: the Central Visayas, Philippines, supporting a reef monitoring program, and later in Micronesia, contributing to the development of a network of Marine Protected Areas in Palau. Eventually, I enrolled in a Master’s program at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia, and solidified my lifelong path in coral reefs, fisheries, and sustainability. 

As the new Strategic Impact Director, what are your big priorities?

I am really passionate about partnerships, and I know CORAL is too. The idea of NGOs collaborating with a diverse range of actors, from community organizations to fishing companies and universities to global multilateral organizations, resonates deeply with me. I firmly believe the impacts of conservation efforts are more durable when the full range of stakeholders are involved, particularly those with a long-term interest in the resources. I am excited to learn more about CORAL’s current collaborations and contribute to expanding these partnerships into new relationships that increase our reach and impact.

Tell us about where you live and how that helps fuel your passion for the ocean.

In 2022, my family and I moved from Colorado to Girona, Spain, seeking a new cultural experience and a closer connection to salt water. We’re fortunate to live just 30 minutes from the Mediterranean coast, and we go to the beach year-round. Even in winter, the mild weather and quiet coasts are great for paddleboarding and long walks on coastal trails. I also love the summers here, and spend a lot of time swimming and snorkeling. Although there are no coral reefs in the Mediterranean, spotting octopuses and the occasional cuttlefish underwater is always a thrill. 

Walking through the fish markets in Spain can make it seem like fish are prolific, but the truth is that the Mediterranean is an incredibly threatened ecosystem. Despite the apparent abundance, 93% of assessed fish stocks in the Mediterranean are threatened by overfishing. I love where I live, but it is a constant reminder that the unsustainable demand for seafood and largely ineffective fisheries management is the reality here and in so many places around the world. Living here has deepened my personal commitment to supporting sustainable fishing practices through conscious seafood choices as a consumer and also through my professional dedication to advancing improved coastal management globally.

Can you share a memorable moment from your career that highlights the importance of coral reef conservation?

Early in my career, I had the privilege of teaching at Palau Community College and working for the Palau Conservation Society. During our ecology unit, I took my biology class kayaking and snorkeling in Palau’s famous Rock Islands. While doing a headcount, I realized two students were missing. Panicked, I paddled back to find them sharing freshly harvested giant clam sashimi with lime across their kayaks.

Initially flabbergasted, I began lecturing the students about the species’ vulnerability and overharvesting issues. However, I quickly stopped, recognizing the island’s deep-rooted traditions and sustainable seafood practices. This experience, both terrifying and enlightening, taught me that conservation has to strike a delicate balance between honoring cultural identity and history while protecting critical species.

This incident in Palau’s stunning coral reefs highlighted for me the complex interplay between traditional practices and modern conservation efforts. It underscored the importance of understanding local contexts when developing sustainable approaches to resource management and environmental protection – a lesson I have carried with me ever since. 

From your perspective, how do healthy coral reefs contribute to the well-being of people and our planet? And why is it so important to invest in the future of reefs?

For the last decade, I worked on supporting sustainable fisheries globally, an experience that has honed my perspective on the critical importance of fisheries to food security and economic opportunities to people around the world. Coral reefs are a critical part of that equation – healthy reefs ensure sustainable fisheries, which are essential for both local communities and global food security.

Reef-associated fisheries contribute approximately $6.7 trillion annually to the global economy through various sectors, including fisheries and tourism. For many coastal communities, fishing is not just an economic activity but also a cornerstone of cultural identity, as illustrated by the Palau sashimi incident I shared earlier. 

But 75% of coral reef fisheries are currently being fished at unsustainable levels.

This overexploitation, combined with climate change, pollution, and coastal development, puts immense pressure on these delicate ecosystems. CORAL is investing in all of these issues in a way that is already shifting the needle in a positive direction, and I’m excited to be a part of the team.

Anything else?

One of my goals this year is to experiment with freediving. Last year, my family and I visited the Red Sea, where freediving is incredibly popular. It was awe-inspiring to watch divers with their long fins and sleek skinsuits descend into the depths in a single breath, observing the reefs in complete tranquility. The experience looked exhilarating,  liberating, and scary all at the same time, and I’m now keen to try it myself! 

Welcome Kristin!

The post Meet Kristin – CORAL’s New Strategic Impact Director appeared first on Coral Reef Alliance.

CORAL is a proud member of the Ocean Sewage Alliance (OSA), a coalition of organizations shedding light on and addressing this issue. This month, OSA helped support the release of “The scourge of untreated wastewater: The economic, environmental and human costs of inaction.” 

This groundbreaking report estimates economic losses suffered from domestic wastewater pollution in five countries: Brazil, India, Kenya, the Philippines, and the UK. As a part of the Economist’s Back to Blue Initiative, the report’s findings reveal how poor sewage treatment is depleting fishery and agricultural food sources, burdening health systems, and costing the global economy billions, with consequences for coral reefs and many other ocean ecosystems. 

Wastewater Effects on Marine Ecosystems

Untreated wastewater disrupts the delicate balance of coral reefs and the marine life that depends on them.

When wastewater enters the ocean, it carries excess nutrients, harmful chemicals, and bacteria that can damage marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Nutrient pollution, for instance, can cause explosive growth in algae, resulting in harmful algal blooms that can encompass hundreds of square miles. When these algae eventually die, they are consumed by bacteria that deplete oxygen levels in the water, creating “dead zones” where marine life—including coral reefs—cannot survive.

Fisheries and Agriculture at Risk 

The innovative study found that countries with high levels of untreated wastewater, such as India and Kenya, experience significant disruptions to their fisheries, which rely on healthy ecosystems for sustainability. Coral reefs, as sensitive habitats, are also vulnerable to these pollutants. 

Fisheries, which provide a major source of income for coastal communities, are suffering. The report suggests annual losses in the billions for some countries, as is the case in India, which is estimated to lose $2.2 billion annually due to loss in fish populations. These losses may be similar in other coastal nations with poor wastewater treatment infrastructure and not only harm marine life but also threaten the livelihoods of millions of people who rely on the ocean for food and income.

The consequences of wastewater pollution extend beyond the ocean. In developing countries, a significant amount of agricultural land is irrigated with raw or partially treated wastewater, exposing crops to heavy metals that are toxic to humans and degrade soil quality. These practices, in turn, lead to lower agricultural yields and a decrease in food security. The costs can be staggeringly high. In Brazil, for instance, the report estimates total economic loss to the agriculture sector from not treating wastewater may be up to $15.7 billion dollars annually.

Even Higher Costs of Inaction

The true cost of inaction on wastewater treatment is almost certainly higher than what is described in the report. For instance, to model the cost of untreated wastewater for fisheries, the authors only looked at reductions in fish populations specifically. Left out of these estimates are ecosystem impacts (like the ones caused by harmful algal blooms) or reductions in tourism. Similarly, in their models assessing harm to agriculture, the authors only look at each country’s most highly produced and water-intensive crops. As a result, the true cost of untreated wastewater to fisheries, agriculture, and human health, is likely far worse than what is described, particularly when considering the long-term effects of untreated wastewater on human health, biodiversity, and the global economy.

For coral reefs, this issue is not just a local problem—it is a global crisis. Protecting coral reefs requires action on multiple fronts, including improving wastewater treatment systems, reducing pollution, and supporting sustainable fishing practices.

What Can Be Done?

As the Back to Blue Initiative emphasizes, we must take urgent steps to address wastewater pollution. These include investing in wastewater infrastructure, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and strengthening regulations on industrial discharges. Coral reef conservation efforts must go hand in hand with addressing pollution at its source.

For the sake of our oceans, coral reefs, and the communities that depend on them, we cannot afford to ignore the hidden costs of wastewater any longer. It is time to act—before it’s too late.

The implications of this report highlight the importance of CORAL’s work on wastewater and the necessity of working with the Ocean Sewage Alliance and others to scale this work up further.

Helen Fox, Conservation Science Director of CORAL

Back to Blue and the Ocean Sewage Alliance are calling on governments, the private sector, and policymakers to invest now in their sewage infrastructure for a healthier and more vibrant future for citizens and economies. When we address wastewater issues, we lean into a sorely underutilized solution. This strengthens ocean resilience by preventing the loss of biodiversity and protecting the well-being of communities around the world.

Download the full report here >

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Maintaining fish biomass isn’t just about saving fish—it’s about securing the future of our oceans and coastal communities.

What is Fish Biomass?

Fish biomass refers to the total mass of fish within an ecosystem, typically measured in kilograms per hectare (kg/ha). It accounts for all fish present, from tiny herbivorous damselfish to apex predators like groupers and sharks.

Biomass is often categorized into different functional groups based on diet and ecological role:

Herbivores (e.g., parrotfish, surgeonfish)
These fish consume algae, preventing it from smothering corals and allowing reefs to thrive.

Planktivores (e.g., anthias, fusiliers)
These species feed on tiny plankton, helping regulate the balance of microscopic life in the water column.

Carnivores (e.g., snappers, moray eels)
Mid-level predators that keep populations of smaller fish in check.

Top Predators (e.g., sharks, groupers)
These keystone species regulate the ecosystem, maintaining balance among prey populations.

When fish biomass declines—due to overfishing, habitat destruction, or climate change—the entire reef ecosystem can become unstable.

Why Is Fish Biomass So Important to Coral Reefs? 

Controlling Algae Growth

One of the most direct benefits of a healthy fish biomass is the control of algae. Herbivorous fish, particularly parrotfish and surgeonfish, play a big role in keeping algae populations in check. Without them, algae can overgrow and outcompete coral for space and resources, leading to reef degradation.

Studies have shown reefs with high fish biomass tend to have lower macroalgae cover, which directly correlates with healthier coral growth. In contrast, reefs with low fish biomass often suffer from excessive algal blooms, smothering corals and reducing biodiversity.

Enhancing Coral Resilience

Coral reefs are under immense stress due to climate change, particularly from coral bleaching events. Reefs with high fish biomass are more resilient because they maintain ecological balance. With fewer disruptions from overgrowth or predator imbalances, these reefs can recover faster after disturbances.

For example, research in marine protected areas (MPAs) has shown that well-managed reefs with high fish biomass are more likely to rebound from bleaching events compared to overfished reefs.

Supporting Coastal Communities and Fisheries

Coral reef fisheries provide food and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide, especially in coastal communities. When fish biomass is maintained at sustainable levels, it ensures long-term fish stocks and stable economic opportunities.

However, overfishing can drastically reduce biomass, leading to fish populations collapsing and entire communities losing their primary food source. Sustainable fisheries management—such as catch limits, size restrictions, and community-led enforcement—helps maintain fish biomass at levels that support both ecological and human needs.

Strengthening the Food Web

Every fish species in a reef ecosystem plays a role in the food web. When biomass is balanced, fish populations support each other, keeping the ecosystem healthy. A decline in key species, such as predators or herbivores, can trigger a chain reaction that disrupts the entire reef community.

For instance, when predator biomass declines due to overfishing, populations of smaller carnivorous fish may surge, which can then lead to a decline in herbivorous fish. This imbalance can result in unchecked algal growth, further damaging corals.

How Coral Reef Alliance Supports Sustainable Fisheries to Protect Fish – Key Strategies We Support

Establishing and Strengthening Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

MPAs serve as safe havens for fish populations, allowing biomass to recover and spill over into surrounding areas. In places where MPAs are well-managed, fish biomass is significantly higher compared to unprotected reefs.

Engaging Local Communities in Sustainable Practices

By working directly with fishers and coastal communities, we help implement science-based fishing regulations, including catch limits and seasonal closures that allow fish populations to replenish. Local knowledge is invaluable in designing strategies that are effective and culturally appropriate.

Enhancing Fisheries Monitoring and Data Collection

Accurate data on fish biomass helps inform better management decisions. Through collaborations with researchers and local partners, we support fish population monitoring to track biomass levels and adjust conservation efforts as needed.

Read more about Restoring Coral Reefs Through Clean Water and Sustainable Fisheries >

What You Can Do to Help

Even if you don’t live near a coral reef, you can play a role in protecting fish biomass and reef ecosystems:

Cut seafood from your diet altogether or support sustainable seafood choices by looking for certifications like the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) or checking regional seafood guides.

Advocate for marine protection policies that promote sustainable fisheries management.

Reduce your carbon footprint to help mitigate climate change, which affects coral reefs globally.

Donate to conservation organizations like the Coral Reef Alliance to support sustainable fisheries initiatives and coral reef restoration.

TLDR

Fish biomass is the backbone of healthy coral reef ecosystems. Without sufficient fish populations, reefs cannot thrive, and the communities that depend on them face significant challenges. Sustainable fisheries management is not just about protecting fish—it’s about ensuring the future of entire marine ecosystems and the millions of people who rely on them.

Through science-based solutions, community-driven conservation, and smart fisheries policies, we can restore fish biomass and give coral reefs a fighting chance in a rapidly changing world.

The post How Fish Biomass Supports Thriving Coral Reefs and Sustainable Fisheries appeared first on Coral Reef Alliance.

How Coral Reefs Shape Whale Survival

Coral reefs are more than just marine habitats; they are essential to the survival of many whale species. Their health and stability have a profound impact on oceanic food webs and migration patterns.

A Nursery for Marine Life and Ecosystem Balance 

Coral reefs contribute to the stability of marine ecosystems, influencing nutrient cycles and the availability of prey for whales. They act as hotspots of biodiversity, fostering food webs that sustain everything from small fish to the krill that many whale species rely on. By maintaining healthy reefs, we ensure whale populations have enough food to sustain themselves.

Many baleen whales, such as humpbacks, feed on small schooling fish that rely on reef ecosystems for breeding and shelter. When reefs degrade due to climate change, pollution, or overfishing, these interconnected food chains collapse, leading to food scarcity and migration shifts for whales.

Soundscapes and Navigation

Did you know coral reefs provide important acoustic environments that help whales navigate and communicate? The complex structure of reefs reflects and shapes sound waves, creating a rich underwater soundscape that many marine animals rely on. How cool is that? 

As reefs degrade, the loss of these natural sound buffers increases noise pollution from ships and industrial activities, making it harder for whales to communicate, locate food, and find mates. Disruptions in their communication can lead to stress, disorientation, and even strandings.

Protection from Predators and Human Threats

Certain whale species, especially young calves, use reef-protected lagoons as safe havens from predators and strong ocean currents. Many whales, such as humpbacks, give birth in warm, shallow waters where coral reefs act as natural barriers, shielding their young from threats. When we protect coral reefs, we’re protecting the structures vulnerable whale calves need to avoid attacks from sharks and other predators, as well as increased risks from boat traffic and human disturbances.

The Secret Role of Whales in Coral Reef Health

While coral reefs provide essential benefits to whales, the relationship is not one-sided—whales also play a vital role in maintaining the health of coral reef ecosystems.

Nutrient Recycling

Whales act as oceanic gardeners, transporting nutrients across vast distances. When whales dive deep to feed and return to the surface to breathe and defecate, they release nutrient-rich waste into the water.

This “whale pump” process distributes essential nutrients like nitrogen and iron, which stimulate the growth of phytoplankton and other microscopic marine life that form the foundation of coral reef ecosystems.

Biodiversity Boosters

Whale movements and behaviors help maintain biodiversity around coral reefs. Their migrations stir up ocean sediments, redistributing nutrients and encouraging productivity in reef ecosystems. Additionally, their presence influences the distribution of fish populations, indirectly supporting the balance of reef habitats.

Ecosystem Engineers

Some whale species, such as humpbacks, disturb schools of fish and plankton through bubble-net feeding, a cooperative hunting technique. This action can help maintain the equilibrium of marine populations, preventing any single species from dominating and ensuring a balanced reef ecosystem.

A Future Where Coral Reefs and Whales Thrive

The ocean’s balance depends on intricate relationships, and coral reefs play a starring role in maintaining whale health. By recognizing this interconnectedness, we can take meaningful steps to protect not just whales, but entire marine ecosystems. When we protect coral reefs, we protect them all.

The Ripple Effect in Action

If you’ve just joined us, welcome to The Ripple Effect, a year-long content series highlighting our connectedness to coral reefs. Make sure you’re subscribed to the monthly eCurrent and following us on social media, so you can learn about the powerful connectivity of coral reefs alongside us.

The post Whales, Coral Reefs, and the Future of Our Oceans appeared first on Coral Reef Alliance.

Read more about the 2023 launch of this project here >

Restoring Ancient Fishponds to Protect Coral Reefs

Ka Honua Momona (KHM), in partnership with the Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL), is leading a multi-year effort to restore Ali‘i and Kaloko‘eli, two historic 30-acre fishponds along Molokai’s southern shore. 

For centuries, these fishponds served as nature’s refrigerator, providing a reliable food source during times when other resources were scarce or off-limits to protect their ability to reproduce. However, due to the mismanagement of surrounding upland areas, the fishponds became clogged with sediment—up to three or more feet of muck in some places—resulting in shallow, unproductive waters. 

Our partners are now working to restore the fishponds’ depth and productivity, aiming to create a sustainable food source for the community of Molokai. In addition to exploring ways to trap sediment before it reaches the coastal waters, they’re also finding creative solutions to repurpose the sediment itself, using it to help build a hula mound—a symbol of turning adversity into an opportunity to unite and strengthen the community.

In addition to sediment removal, local teams are strategically removing invasive species like mangroves and gorilla ogo, which disrupt the balance of the fishpond ecosystem and reduce the flow of incoming seawater, planting native vegetation along the shoreline to stabilize sediment and prevent further erosion, and monitoring fish populations and water quality to track improvements and connectivity to reef health.

By restoring these fishponds, the community is not only reviving a cultural tradition but also implementing nature-based solutions to protect coral reefs from sediment pollution.

A Community-Driven Approach to Conservation

This project is more than ecological restoration—it’s about building local capacity for long-term coral reef management. CORAL and KHM are establishing a community-based water quality monitoring program, training the community to collect and analyze data, ensuring conservation efforts align with natural reproductive cycles, and sharing outcomes and sustainable fishing practices with local fishers to support responsible harvesting.  

Already, the impact is visible. In just the first year, the project successfully:

• Restored one acre of fishpond, clearing 9,418 pounds of invasive algae
• Planted 430 native plants to stabilize shorelines
• Created 10 new jobs at KHM, supporting local livelihoods
• Logged 4,832 volunteer hours, engaging the community in hands-on conservation

And there’s more on the horizon for this impactful project.

A Deeper Dive into Monitoring Sedimentation

By working closely with our partners on fishpond rehabilitation, together, we’ve created a detailed plan to monitor how the environment responds and how successful the rehabilitation efforts are. 

On Molokai, our partners collect water samples from their fishponds twice a week to measure the amount of sediment in the water. This helps us set a baseline to understand the level of sediment stress in the area. It also gives us important information about the risks of sedimentation from the surrounding watersheds, especially during large storms. Since receiving training in July 2024, KHM has collected over 50 days of water samples, including data from two major storms.

We’ve noticed significant spikes in water turbidity—basically, how cloudy the water becomes—after big storms. To better understand and measure this threat, we’re using turbidity measurements paired with sediment traps to collect sediment that settles on the ocean floor. Turbidity measurements show how much sediment stays suspended in the water, which blocks sunlight from reaching corals. Without enough sunlight, corals struggle to produce the energy they need to survive. The sediment traps, on the other hand, tell us how much sediment is landing directly on the corals, forcing them to use valuable energy to expel the sediment. 

Both of these challenges can weaken coral health and reduce their ability to cope with other major stresses, like those caused by climate change.

In our first year working with KHM, we’ve learned a lot about how these stressors affect coastal waters and have established a baseline for current threat levels. With this baseline, we’ll be able to understand how rehabilitation efforts on land are working to reduce sediment runoff into the reefs.

Support from the Love Tito’s Initiative and NOAA

Community-led conservation efforts like this thrive with the support of individuals, foundations, and organizations that value local stewardship. This work is sponsored by NOAA and wouldn’t be possible without their financial assistance. Support for this project is generously funded with a federal award from the US Department of Commerce and authorized by the Coastal Zone Management Act, NA23NOS4730179.

The Love Tito’s Initiative, Tito’s Handmade Vodka’s philanthropic program, has also provided funding to help scale up restoration work, ensuring Molokai’s residents have the tools and resources needed to protect their reefs for future generations.

A Model for Reef Conservation

By blending traditional Hawaiian knowledge with modern science, the work in Molokai is setting an example for reef conservation worldwide. The success of this initiative demonstrates that when local communities lead restoration efforts, ecosystems and people thrive together.

As climate change and environmental pressures continue to threaten coral reefs, Molokai’s approach offers a hopeful and replicable solution—one rooted in culture, collaboration, and a deep respect for the land and sea.

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